Bathhouse in the paintings of Russian artists: photo selection

13. Aivazovsky Ivan Konstantinovich (1817-1900)

- marine painter, at the age of 25 received European fame, at the age of 27 - painter of the Main Naval Staff of Russia, at the age of 29 - professor at the Academy of Arts
"The Ninth Wave" (1850) - brought fame to the artist

"St. George's Monastery. Cape Fiolent"

“Battle of Navarino” (1827) - famous historical painting

"Shipwreck" (1876)

"Kronstadt Raid" (1840)

“Battle of Chesme” (1848) - famous historical painting

"Review of the Black Sea Fleet in 1849"

Ajvazovskij It's Georgij monastery-Aivazovsky St. George Monastery. Cape Fiolent.

1873-Ajvazovskij-It's the rainbow-Aivazovsky-Rainbow

1827-Avazovski-There is the sea battle at Navarin-Aivazovsky-Battle of Navarino

1850-Ajvazovskij It's the 9th wave-Aivazovsky -The Ninth Wave.

1876-Ajvazovskij-It's a shipwreck-Aivazovsky-Shipwreck

1848-Ajvazovskij-There is the Battle at Chesmen-Aivazovsky -Chesmensky battle

1881-KRAMSKOJ-Ajvazovskij-Kramskoy-PORTRAIT OF AIVAZOVSKY

1886-Ajvazovskij-It's a storm-Aivazovsky-Storm.

Ajvazovskij-It's Leandr tower in Konstantinopl-Aivazovsky View of the Leandr tower in Constantinople

1840-Ajvazovskij-It's the Kronshtadt roads-Aivazovsky Kronstadt raid

1849-Ajvazovskij-It's an inspection Chernomorskij Flot-Aivaeovsky Inspection of the Black Sea Fleet in 1849

Landscape styles

Landscape painting is also divided into categories according to the style of painting. Each direction is characterized by unique elements that are achieved using special paint application techniques, play of colors, the use of additional materials, and projection distortion.

Realism

Many landscape painters work in a realistic style. The beauty of nature is so perfect that it is enough to masterfully capture it on canvas down to the last leaf. However, even the advent of photography did not reduce the popularity of realism in fine art. Only real masters can transfer the surrounding world so beautifully onto canvas that nature will look more delightful in the picture than in reality.

Ivan Shishkin is considered a true master who worked in the style of realism. He painted every blade of grass with such meticulous precision that he was nicknamed a photographer. But thanks to the immortal creations of the master, you can admire the pristine beauty of the nature of the past, as in the painting “Rye”.

Impressionism

This is the most recognizable style of landscape painting.

A new movement in fine art appeared in the second half of the 19th century in France, when artists decided to paint pictures of nature in the open air without studio modification.

Van Gogh, who became interested in the new writing technique, made a great contribution to the popularization of impressionism. At the same time, the author came up with his own method of applying paint to the canvas with thick strokes, which is used by many masters of painting even now. One of Van Gogh’s most famous paintings, “View of Arles with Irises,” was painted in the now classic technique of impressionism.

Abstractionism

This is a relatively new artistic movement that appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. Abstractionism is the complete opposite of realism; it distorts objects beyond recognition. The artist makes a challenge to society with his work. Not everyone is able to understand conceptual art, and abstraction in painting has not found a response in society for a long time.

Wassily Kandinsky is considered the founder of abstract art, who was inspired to create a new direction by the works of Claude Monet. For a long time the author did not find his admirers. Now, paintings by Wassily Kandinsky are sold at auctions for fabulous sums. Thus, the abstraction “Marnau. Landscape with a Green House" was sold for more than $40 million.

The new direction in fine art also attracted Kazemir Malevich, who at that time worked in the style of impressionism. The artist took the principle of abstractionism as a basis, combined it with cubism and created his own movement - Suprematism. This can be seen in “The Morning After the Storm.”

Surrealism

The creative flow is characterized by more than a certain technique of applying paints, the use of projections, and playing with light. In surrealism, the inner spiritual world of the author is especially clearly manifested, bringing to the surface the deepest thoughts of the mind. A prominent representative of the surrealist movement is Salvador Dali. “The Persistence of Memory” can be considered endlessly and each time you find a new meaning.

Landscapes made in the style of surrealism reflect supernatural, elusive images of dreams, myths, and fantasies. The works often lack recognizable geological elements such as mountains, rivers, and depressions.

The images contradict traditional ideas about the landscape genre and suggest that the inner world outside our bodies is more important and subject to study. This is especially noticeable in the painting of the famous surrealist Mark Ernst “The Metamorphosis of Fire”.

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Features of Russian doubles

Subsequently, the steam room came into use and became a national symbol, uniting people of different personalities, professions and religions in this activity. Artist V.A. Plotnikov the painting “In the Bath” from 1898 captured this moment. Many other famous artists and performers were not averse to taking a steam bath and rejuvenating both soul and body. In modern society, Russian steam rooms are common in rural areas, but in cities, a movement for a healthy life is slowly developing, and with it Russian steam rooms.

How not to mention the art of massage with brooms? It’s art because one must also be able to masterfully wield this bath item. Brooms, as before, are used from birch, fir, oak, and linden. The choice largely depends on the health benefits you want to achieve. We know the healing natural effect of steam. Together with a wonderful broom and an experienced bath attendant, time will fly by unnoticed and useful. The canvas by Alexey and Sergei Tkachev “Family Bath” from 1982-83 conveys all the beauty and life of the family. All the attributes for a pleasant time in the bathhouse are visible.

Russian bath options

As the ancestors said, the soul and body are cleansed. Of course, our mother nature also helps in many ways; what would we do without medicinal plants and herbs. It turned out well to depict a truly Russian maiden after a steam room by the artist V.A. Plotnikov. in the painting “In the Bath” from 1898.

According to research, the steam room removes from the body:

slags;
excess water;
toxins;
takes away fatigue and stress.

As Arkady Plastov showed in the painting “Spring” of 1954, the most important feature that the Russian steam room has is, of course, the design itself. From time immemorial, the steam room was built from a wooden frame, which gives a colossal effect during the bathing process. Many foreign travelers have written about our Russian bathhouse.

Traditional Russian steam room is divided into three types:

in black
in white;
inside the oven.

Bathhouse in the paintings of Russian artists

The first mentions of baths in Russian chronicles were recorded at the beginning of the 10th century. These were by no means comfortable steam rooms with a relaxation room and a swimming pool. The baths of our ancestors were wooden log houses with a stove and a tub of cool kvass. They are best shown in the paintings of Russian artists.

Baths were usually built on the banks of the river and, regardless of the time of year, they dived into the water immediately after the steam room.

In the old days, women washed together with men, but in 1743 a decree was issued that prohibited joint hygiene procedures. Although the villagers didn't care about him.

Previously, there was a custom: before the wedding, the bride should go to the bathhouse with the relatives of her future husband. There they looked at her and assessed her health and physique.

It was believed that if a girl is thin, she will not give birth to good offspring.

What is the power of washing? Of course, in brooms! In Rus' they were collected from alder, nettle, wormwood, birch and oak.

Whipping branches on steamed skin replaces a full massage, helps open pores and increases blood circulation.

But the main thing is that broom leaves contain volatile and essential substances that have a pharmaceutical effect.

In the old days, the bathhouse was considered one of the best remedies in the fight against hangover.

Our ancestors did not miss a single opportunity to take a steam bath. On Saturday and before significant events, a washing ritual was performed, which has not changed for many centuries.

After the steam room, people necessarily dived into the river or doused themselves with cool water, and then went back to steam. Instead of soap, in Rus' they used vegetable ash, which contains a large amount of alkali.

Types of landscapes

Each master has a unique writing style, but there are several types of classification of landscape painting depending on the area depicted.

Landscapes are:

rural,
sea,
natural,
urban,
park,
architectural,
industrial.

Rural landscape

Attracted many famous painters, inspired by the simplicity of rural life. Artists depicted everyday life, endless fields, domestic animals, and simple peasant life. A striking representative of the rural landscape is the work of the Russian painter Alexei Savrasov, “The Rooks Have Arrived.”

Marinism

As a separate art direction, it arose during the Renaissance and was especially popular in Holland. Artists loved to depict huge waves crashing against rocks, conveying a storm of passions. Of the Russian marine painters, the most famous is Ivan Aivazovsky, who wrote “Storm at Sea at Night.”

Natural landscape

Characterized by images of forests, fields, mountains at different times of the year. Many professionals have used the beauty of the surrounding world in their works. One of the most memorable artists interested in the natural genre is Ivan Shishkin. The paintings of the great master can be viewed endlessly, every twig, spikelet, and blade of grass is drawn in such detail. The painting “Morning in a Pine Forest,” which is in the Tretyakov Gallery, is known all over the world.

Urban landscapes

Written within the city limits. These can be interesting buildings, sidewalks, cafes, squares. The works of urbanists acquire historical value over time. From the paintings you can find out what the streets of ancient cities looked like. A striking example of urbanization is Konstantin Korovin’s painting “Paris at Night”.

Park landscape

Exalts the beauty of nature and architectural structures of gardens and squares. An example of such paintings is “Tsarskoye Selo Park” by Andrei Martynov.

Architectural landscape

It includes works depicting various buildings: temples, bridges, skyscrapers, ancient buildings. The founder is considered to be the Dutchman Hans Vredeman de Vries. The artist’s most famous work is “Palace Architecture with Strollers.”

Industrial landscape

A relatively new type of landscape. Especially many industrial enterprises appeared during the years of Soviet power. Factories, factories, power plants, and large construction projects became the object of inspiration for many painters during socialism. But in Western art you can also find paintings by famous landscape painters made in an industrial style. Such an example is the work of Claude Monet “Coal Miners”.

Second run

The second time we usually warm up on the top shelf, depending on who you like. At this time, you can also do “stretches” from Hatha yoga, fitness or other health systems, but not too persistently, but just for fun. After leaving the steam room and lightly cooling under a cool shower or air baths, we proceed to tapping each other with special brushes.

Since the brushes have hard bristles, like needles, we tap them, on the verge of pleasure and slight pain, all over the body from the feet to the head. First the back part of the body, then the partner turns over, and we tap the front part of the body, paying special attention to the abdominal area (navel), where almost all nerve endings converge. After this, the partner sits on a chair, and gently tap his scalp.

After tapping the surface of the body with “knocks” made of bristles, as a rule, the whole organism becomes activated and vitality increases.

During the third visit to the steam room, we most often begin tapping each other with special bamboo brooms, which are widely available in the trade. To expand the range of effects of the broom on the body, you can attach an elastic band to the broom, moving it along the broom, we achieve different vibration effects on the skin and muscles: from broad superficial to deep and narrowly targeted. This is also an excellent healing procedure that helps eliminate many congestion phenomena in the human body.

After cleaning the skin, tapping with “knocks” with bristles, and bamboo brooms, there may be several more visits to the steam room to increase sweating. To determine the quality of the sweat coming out, you should sometimes taste it with your tongue: when the sweat is no longer salty, this means that the main toxins have already come out. Typically, it takes three to five hours to reach this stage of sweat quality. Short “forays” into the steam room will never achieve such quality.

When steaming with brooms, you should not rely on the impact force and intense heat. Steam and a broom can work wonders in experienced hands. Experienced steamers work with two brooms at once, using various techniques of blows: from fanning the body without touching, to complex and masterly blows.

When working with brooms, it is important to warm up (tap) your legs and especially your feet very well. In the center of the foot there is the so-called biologically active point Yong-tsuan (“murmuring streams”) - the beginning of the energy meridian of the kidneys. As a rule, most people's kidneys are affected by cold from early childhood and this causes a lot of direct and secondary diseases. Therefore, in the bathhouse, it is advisable to warm your feet well with the help of brooms, which will be an excellent prevention of many diseases.

Intense heat in the steam room, exciting tapping with brooms and hardening in ice water - this is for amateurs. However, you should constantly and gradually increase the impact of contrasting procedures “heat - cold” within reasonable limits. This enhances the general hardening of the body and increases human immunity, which is extremely useful, because we live in cold climatic conditions and it is better to be friends with the cold than to hide from it.

As for the use of various kinds of masks, creams, honey, salt, soda and belongings in the bathhouse, this is also not for everybody. Over the years of bathing practice, family traditions and methods of using additional products are formed.

Famous foreign landscape painters

Although landscape painting has not been considered a separate genre for a long time, almost every country has great artists who immortalized the beauty of nature.

Leonardo da Vinci is a true genius of the Renaissance. “Landscape of the Arno River Valley” - the earliest surviving drawing by the author is considered the founder of landscape painting. Although nature was present in the paintings of many masters at that time, with Leonardo da Vinci, for the first time, the environment became the main character instead of the background where the action unfolds.

Titian, a famous Renaissance artist, was known for his versatility and masterful depiction of nature in religious subjects. An example is Titian’s painting “Orpheus and Eurydice”. The author introduced a new concept for those years - he enlivened the natural landscape with light so that it no longer served as a background for the main characters, but acted as a separate character.

Jacob Van Ruisdael, a great 17th-century Dutch painter, is famous for giving landscape art a new dimension by depicting nature as a metaphor for the darker aspects of human psychology. Simple forest scenes were the landscape painter's favorite subjects, and he is especially famous for his inspired depictions of trees and clouds, as seen in View of Haarlem with White Fields.

Claude Lorrain was a 17th-century French artist who recreated landscapes of classical Greece and Rome. Lorrain was an innovator in a direction where the main characters were not people or mythical heroes, but elements of the surrounding nature, as can be seen in the painting “Pastoral Landscape”.

Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot is a French painter of the 18th century, one of the first who began working in the open air, long before impressionism. The artist masterfully used natural light, made sketches in nature and finalized his works in the studio. “Memories of Mortefontaine” still serves as a guide for students on how to correctly draw details.

Pieter Bruegel the Elder was considered the most important 16th-century artist in the Netherlands. The author is known for his colorful landscapes and depictions of scenes from the everyday life of peasants and workers. Bruegel the Elder was the first in Holland to stop writing on biblical subjects and become a realist. One of the author’s main masterpieces of painting is the painting “Harvest”.

French artist Claude Monet was the founder of impressionism. He led the movement he created and defended his beliefs about man’s correct perception of nature. Water Lilies, Monet's most famous series, has been described as the Sistine Chapel of Impressionism. Claude Monet is considered one of the greatest masters in the whole world.

Vincent Van Gogh is a Post-Impressionist. The master expanded the flow by adding bright colors, distorting shapes and projections. Van Gogh had a difficult life, marred by mental illness. The artist became famous after his death. His painting “Starry Night” is recognized as a masterpiece of modern art.

Paul Cézanne is famous for linking impressionism with cubism and influencing many famous masters. Cezanne painted landscapes of areas that were well known to him. The author did not need to go out into the open air. Many of the paintings are a play on the imagination and memories of familiar places, like the work of fine art “Polars”.

Hayao Miyazaki is one of the modern artists, the creator of world-famous anime. But the Japanese director also became famous for his magnificent, vibrant landscapes, who himself writes for his cartoons. This can be observed, for example, in the anime Howl's Moving Castle.

Steam room inside the oven

The word “laznya” in Ukrainian comes from another type of steam room - a sauna inside a stove. The stove was large enough to fit into. The stove was heated, water was heated in cast iron, the heat was removed and the floor was covered with straw. After that, you could climb in and wash yourself inside the oven.

Now the Russian steam room is becoming increasingly popular among young people. Quite often, a steam room is built next to a pool or bet containing cool water. Scientists have proven that the ancient tradition of jumping steamed into cold water or rolling in snowdrifts has a beneficial effect on the body, strengthening it as a whole, and also has a positive effect on the immune system and the heart and strengthens the walls of blood vessels, this process is clearly visible in the creation of Nikolai Feshin “In the Bath” 1923 of the year.

After a dull workday, a Russian steam room is just what the doctor ordered. It is recommended to almost everyone. In the bathhouse you can spend a fun and comfortable evening with friends, hold an informal meeting, or enjoy pleasant aromas and improve your health alone. It’s not for nothing that even in the old days a bachelorette party was held in a bathhouse, as Firs Zhuravlev tells us in his creation “Bachelorette Party in a Bathhouse” from 1885.

Paintings by famous artists on the theme of Russian steam room

As the outstanding German scientist Olearius wrote, “Russians adhere to the custom of washing in a steam room, and therefore they have many baths in cities and towns.” As we see in the photograph “Bath” by Zinaida Serebryakova.

Black steam room

The traditional steam room was called “black” and was hot and smoky. A stone stove was placed in the corner of the bathhouse, which heated and smoked heavily. To avoid burning our feet, straw was placed on the floor, as the floor became very hot. Along the walls, trestle beds-shelves were made, and steam lovers lay down or sat on them, enjoying the aromatic, delicious kvass and the smell of straw.

Kvass played a significant role, since it was periodically poured over the brazier, and the steam room was filled with the aroma of the drink, and the air became more humid. Because of the open fireplace, the heat warmed not only the stones, but also the wooden walls. The smoke came out through a vent in the ceiling or through the door. Usually there was a boiler for hot water and a heater made of stones. The bathhouse was heated with wood, preferably hardwood. Z.I. Letunov, in his work “Russian Baths,” reflected the whole essence of those times.

BATH IN PAINTING (PART 5 - NEW BATH VERNISAGE)

Excerpt from the poem “Ruslan and Lyudmila”

But first the young man is led to a magnificent Russian bathhouse. Smoky waves are already flowing into her silver vats, And cold fountains are splashing; A luxurious carpet is spread out; The tired khan lies down on it; Transparent steam swirls above it; With their full gaze downcast, lovely, half-naked, in tender and silent care, around the khan the young maidens are crowded together in a playful crowd. Above the knight, another waves the branches of young birches, And the fragrant heat radiates from them, Another cools tired limbs with the juice of spring roses And drowns Dark curly hair in aromas.

Vasily Shevchuk Russian baths in black style.

Gerard de Labarthe Silver Baths. End of the 18th century

Vasily Fomyuk Waiting.

Grigory Chaynikov In the bathhouse.

Gerasim Efros In the bathhouse.

I will melt the bathhouse for an hour, in inclement weather. From the cold stream I will bring water. The chimney will hum, a mournful song will howl, The wind and flame will argue, Snarling with smoke. The water in the cauldron will begin to bubble, and the stones will breathe with heat. Oh! How I want warmth, With a steamed broom. I'll take off my clothes and climb onto the shelves. I’ll lie down in the fragrant bliss, so that the sweat will flow in a stream. I’ll scoop up a ladle from the gang, And I’ll splash water on the stones, They’ll hiss like cats in a fight, The steam will rise up, hugging. I’ll whip myself to my heart’s content until I’m exhausted, I’ll douse myself with cold water - This is the moment of bliss. After the bathhouse I’ll rest, And for my health, I’ll pour a glass of vodka, As Suvorov ordered.

Vladimir Kudrya 2008

Yuri Volodin In a village bathhouse.

Boris Sholokhov Bathhouse 1950s

Masterpieces of landscapes

“Hunters in the Snow” by Pieter Bruegel the Elder is an oil painting on wood that depicts a scene of three men returning home from the forest. Looking at the picture, you can understand that the fishery was not successful. The hunters walk dejectedly, and even the dogs look unhappy.

The painting “View of Toledo” by El Greco seems to be charged with powerful energy. Although the canvas is painted in the style of realism, it seems like a ghostly vision. The author subtly compares the bleak and gloomy skyline with the lush vegetation and luxuriously hilly terrain of Toledo in the work.

“Mount Fuji in Clear Weather” by Japanese author Katsushika Hokusai is one of the masterpieces of Asian painting. The author created 36 views of the mountain beloved by the Japanese in different weather. But the author’s most famous painting was the image of Fuji on a clear day, made in blue and red tones.

Aivazovsky's "The Ninth Wave" evokes a feeling of ambivalence in the observer. The painting represents both tragedy and hope. Art is meant to evoke emotions, even if they are controversial, and an oil on canvas piece does just that.

"Impression. Sunrise" by Claude Monet. An impressionist painting projects impressions rather than trying to reproduce the scene itself. In addition, the canvas depicts the port of Le Havre, which is considered a symbol of France’s return to prosperity after defeat in the war.

"Mont Sainte-Victoire" by Paul Cezanne belongs to post-impressionism. The image of the mountain is made using a combination of geometry and colors to emphasize depth and distance. They say that this work by Cezanne inspired the creation of Pablo Picasso's masterpieces.

"Wheatfield with Crows" by Vincent Van Gogh is a painting that many critics consider to be a message. The work was created towards the end of the author’s life and seems to the viewer an ominous omen, since even then Vag Gog knew that he would soon commit suicide. Regardless of the interpretation, the important fact remains that the painting is a true masterpiece that will remain relevant for many centuries.

The canvas “Overseas Guests” by Nicholas Roerich depicts the first travelers who arrived in Rus' from overseas. The painting, executed in the style of impressionism, makes a huge impression on viewers. This work is considered to reflect the arrival of the Varangians in Rus' in the distant past.

“Petersburg at Sunset” is included in the treasury of world art. The great landscape painter Alexey Bogolyubov depicted the sunset on the Neva. The author so subtly conveyed the atmosphere of St. Petersburg life in those years that the canvas became a real masterpiece.

“Moscow” by Wassily Kandinsky is a striking result of the work of the famous master. The painting is made using the technique of abstract drawing using a wide range of colors. V. Kandinsky is considered a pioneer of abstract art, and the work is a clear confirmation of this.

Women, baths and spiritual purity in paintings by famous artists

The Russian bathhouse occupies a special place in the work of Russian artists. The bathhouse is a traditional place, a visit to which is accompanied by real rituals and customs. The artists who dedicated their paintings specifically to the bathhouse and genre scenes from the bathhouse tried to convey through their paintings that bathhouse spirit, mood, atmosphere of calm and comfort that is always present here.

The Russian bathhouse in the paintings of artists has one interesting feature. Since a bathhouse is a place where people wash themselves, nudity is relevant here. Women in the bathhouse in the paintings of artists are depicted completely naked, but can these works be called racy or even indecent? Surprisingly, in these paintings there is not a single hint of any eroticism of what is happening. Everything that happens in the bathhouse is so natural that all the characters in these works look as natural as possible. Moreover, one gets the feeling that women in the bathhouse have not only a clean body, but also a pure soul, which seems to have been cleansed in the bathhouse from all the hardships and unsightly things of this world. Why is this happening?

There are two answers to this question:

Firstly, it is worth noting the nature of the nude in painting. A professional artist who depicts everyday and genre scenes involving nudity tries to do it as naturally and naturally as possible, so that the appearance of the characters in the paintings does not look like vulgarity. The nude in painting is far from being an image of a woman without anything; rather, it is an image of the feminine principle, feminine nature, her nature, natural beauty. In such paintings, where a woman is deprived of those things that were created by human hands, she appears pure in both body and soul.

Secondly, paintings with women in a bathhouse are not perceived by the viewer as something erotic for the reason that the bathhouse itself implies complete nudity. A certain image of a bathhouse appears in the consciousness and subconscious of a person as a place where this kind of person is the most natural. A person in clothes in a bathhouse would look very ridiculous and would cause a vivid dissonance in the mind, but a naked person who is washing in a bathhouse is as natural and natural as a person in work clothes in a factory or like a mushroom picker with a basket in the forest .

Sanduny in Moscow

Sandunovskie baths. Electric station and watersheds. Moscow. Architect Boris Freidenberg. 1808. Illustration from the album “Illustrated Description of the Sandunov Baths.” Moscow: publishing house “Typo-lithography of the Partnership of I.N. Kushnerev and Co., 1896

Sandunovskie baths. Moscow. Architect Boris Freidenberg. 1808. Photo: turniketov.net

Sandunovskie baths. Moscow. Architect Boris Freidenberg. 1808. Illustration from the album “Illustrated Description of the Sandunov Baths.” Moscow: publishing house “Typo-lithography of the Partnership of I.N. Kushnerev and Co., 1896

The most famous bathhouse in the capital, on the corner of Neglinnaya Street and Sandunovsky Lane, was built in 1808. The actors of the court theater Sila Sandunova and Elizaveta Uranova were personally married by Catherine II. She gave the newlyweds diamonds, with which they bought a plot of land near the Neglinnaya River - and became famous for their baths throughout Russia.

Moscow poured into them, especially into the men’s and women’s “noble” department, arranged with amenities previously unheard of in Moscow: with a dressing room with a mirrored hall, with clean sheets on soft sofas, well-trained servants, experienced bath attendants and bath attendants. Both Griboyedov's and Pushkin's Moscow visited these baths, the one that gathered in the salon of Zinaida Volkonskaya and in the English Club.
Vladimir Gilyarovsky. "Moscow and Muscovites"

The baths retained their appearance even after the fires and devastation of the Patriotic War of 1812. There were rumors that Napoleon Bonaparte himself managed to take a steam bath in Sanduny. They said: “Whoever has not been to Sanduny has not seen Moscow.”

After the death of Sila Sandunov, the bathhouse changed owners more than once. In 1881, it passed to the philanthropist Vera Firsanova and her husband, officer Alexei Ganetsky. The couple studied the bathing experience of foreign countries from Turkey to Ireland, invited the architect Boris Freidenberg, and by 1896 they rebuilt the complex in modern fashion.

The outside is an eclectic palace with elements of Gothic, Renaissance, Rococo, Classicism and industrial architecture. Inside there are luxurious interiors with Italian marble, English porcelain and Swiss tiles: a Moorish courtyard, a Gothic hall, Roman baths. Water was supplied to the baths through a separate water pipeline from the Babiegorsk dam (now the Red October factory). And the light comes from its own power plant.

They were allowed into the common people's department for five kopecks. And in the noble rooms with furniture made of rare wood, mayor Vladimir Dolgorukov, writer Anton Chekhov, actor Ivan Grigorovsky, composer Sergei Rachmaninov steamed. Singer Fyodor Chaliapin called Sanduny “tsar baths,” but asked to go to the steam room on sanitary days so as not to be distracted by fans. And the “neat” Vladimir Mayakovsky had his own bench - even today it has the inscription: “A man who keeps pace with the times washed here.”

Film scenes have been filmed in Sanduny's interiors more than once - a storm on the Black Sea in Sergei Eisenstein's "Battleship Potemkin", an episode with Arnold Schwarzenegger in the steam room from Walter Hill's "Red Heat", Satan's ball in the series "The Master and Margarita" by Vladimir Bortko. Today you can come there to take a steam bath or just take a tour there.

Savrasov Alexey Kondratievich (1830-1897)

- founder of Russian realistic landscape

“The Rooks Have Arrived” (1871) - made him famous at the 1st exhibition of the Itinerants

“Losiny Island in Sokolniki” (1869), “Winter Landscape. Thaw"; "Rainbow" (1875),

“Spring is Coming”, “Rasputitsa”, “Country Road” (1873), “Winter Landscape” (1873)

1869-Savrasov-Losinij island is in Sokolniki-Savrasov-Losinij island in Sokolniki

1871-Savrasov-Grachi was fliewed

Savrasov -It'a winter-Hort-Savrasov- Winter landscape. Thaw

1875-Savrasov -It's the rainbow-Savrasov-Rainbow

1873-Savrasov-Country track-Savrasov-Country

Savrasov-Spring goes-Savrasov-Spring is coming

1894-Savrasov-It is a season of bad roads-Savrasov-Rasputitsa

1873-Savrasov-It's a winter-Savrasov-Winter landscape

History of the genre

In Russia, the word “landscape” was borrowed from the French language. Paysage means "rural views". But even for France this word is not native, but is derived from the Latin: pays, which means “terrain,” and the suffix pagus, “rural life.”

Painters have been painting landscapes since ancient times. The Greeks and Romans created wall images of nature inspired by myths. But in those days it was impossible to distinguish the landscape genre into a separate type of art, since the main emphasis was not on nature, but on the plot. After the fall of the Roman Empire, painting declined and landscape paintings were seen as settings for religious scenes.

It was only in the mid-16th century that artists began to show interest in the natural world. During the Renaissance, the classification system created by the great European academies distinguished 5 main genres of fine art according to hierarchy:

Historical painting.
Portrait.
Scenes of everyday life.
Scenery.
Still life.

Although landscape paintings stood at one of the lower levels of the hierarchical ladder, increasingly, Renaissance painters began to paint works where the main element was beautiful natural views.

Bath building in Peterhof

Monplaisir Palace. Peterhof, St. Petersburg. Architects: Jean-Baptiste Leblond, Johann Braunstein, Nicola Michetti, Bartolomeo Rastrelli. 1714–1723. Photo: citywalls.ru

Bath building. Peterhof, St. Petersburg. Architect Eduard Gan. 1865–1866. Photo: spbhi.ru

Bath building. Peterhof, St. Petersburg. Architect Eduard Gan. 1865–1866. Photo: peterhofmuseum.ru

The bath building is located at the eastern wing of the Monplaisir Palace - on the site of the first imperial bath in Russia. A wooden soaphouse on the shore of the Gulf of Finland was built for Peter I in 1722. There the emperor steamed, throwing water on hot cannonballs, “bled” and took woodlice and crushed worms as medicine.

Under Elizaveta Petrovna, the bathhouse was dismantled. In 1748, another complex was erected here: wooden on the outside, luxuriously decorated on the inside. In the 1770s, Catherine II built an octagonal pool with a lifting bottom in the bathhouse: sea water came from the Gulf of Finland, and fresh water came from the fountain with the tin sculpture “A Little Man with Bagpipes” by Alessandro Martelli.

In 1800, the wooden soaphouse was rebuilt in stone according to the design of Giacomo Quarenghi. The “little man” in the pool was replaced by a golden column with a ball from which 101 arc-shaped jets and a joker fountain sprayed: another 164 vertical jets hit visitors from below. In 1817, the bathhouse underwent major renovations, and even those who were not close to the court could come and wash there—it began to be called the “Soaphouse for gentlemen and ladies-in-waiting.”

In 1865–1866, they decided to rebuild the Mylnya outbuilding - in its place, the architect Eduard Gan erected a new Bath building for the wife of Alexander II, Maria Alexandrovna, who suffered from lung diseases and needed hydrotherapy procedures, popular in Europe. Here appeared a Steam bath, a Cold bath with a shower disguised as a chandelier with bunches of grapes and bindweed flowers, and a Warm bath with mineral waters.

Today, the Quarenghi Soap House, the Gan Bath Building, as well as the Assembly Hall, Kitchen, Tafeldekerskaya, and Kofishenskaya rebuilt by Rastrelli are one large museum “Bath Building” of the State Peterhof Museum-Reserve.

7.Perov Vasily Grigorievich (1834-1882)

- the most popular artist of the 60s. In the paintings of the accusatory genre, the sad plot, the gloomy landscape are enhanced by the gray-brown tones of the colors, which evokes a feeling of hopeless darkness, dirt, and melancholy. He perfectly reflected in his paintings the morals, types, views and interests of his era

“Sermon in a Village” (1861) - received a Big Gold Medal and gave him a trip abroad at public expense

“Tea Party in Mytishchi” (1862) - a famous accusatory painting

"Troika. Students are carrying water" (1866)

“Hunters at Rest” (1871) - the most famous painting

“The Fisherman” is a painting known from school days

“Birdcatcher” - the picture even ended up on a USSR stamp

"Arrival of the Governess at the Merchant's House"

1862-Perov-They dring the tea in Mutishy-Perov Tea Party in Mytishchi.

By the mid-90s, the Partnership had lost its role. Until 1917, 45 exhibitions took place.

1866-Perov-They are three-Perov-Troika.

1870-Perov-Autoportret-Perov (self-portrait).

Perov-Governantka come in the merchant house

Perov-It's bird catcher.

Perov-It's fisherman, angler-Perov Fisherman.

1871-Perov-There are hunters on dinner-Perov-Hunters at a halt.

Landscape in Russia

There has always been great interest in landscape art in Russian painting. Artists could not help but notice the beauty of the environment - endless meadows, dense forests, flowering fields, the surface of the sea. The nature of Russia is beautiful at any time of the year, which is captured in the paintings of great Russian masters.

The first landscape moments were noticed in the icon painting of Ancient Rus', where painters painted the faces of saints against the backdrop of beautiful nature. And although this cannot be attributed to the classical genre - the main emphasis of the icon painters was not on the natural landscape, but on saints, this time is still considered the birth of landscape painting in Russia.

The dawn began in the 18th century, when court artists began to paint pictures of palace parks with topographical accuracy, which was needed for a geographical atlas. The founder of Russian landscape art is considered to be Semyon Shchedrin, a painter at the imperial court.

The artist founded a school of fine arts, where many masters who later became famous studied: M. Vorobyov, N. Martynov, etc. Most often, landscape painters reproduced the beauty of St. Petersburg and its environs with magnificent palaces, bridges, and parks. This is why so much evidence of the architecture and landscape design of that time still survives.

In the 19th century, seascapes became popular, where Ivan Aivazovsky became especially famous. The theme of romantic painting is also being developed. Many artists are starting to work in this direction - Savrasov, Levitan, Kamenev. Mikhail Klodt combines a classical theme with a lyrical style and creates epic art.

The second half of the 19th century was truly a golden milestone in the development of Russian landscape. At this time, such great masters worked, whose names are still heard today - Ivan Shishkin, Arkhip Kuindzhi, Ilya Repin, Konstantin Korovin. Painting ceases to be pretentious, and masters begin to sing of the beauty of the Russian land, delving into the provinces.

In the 20th century, the movement of impressionism was added to the classical landscape genre, which many Russian artists began to get carried away with. With the advent of photography, realism is considered obsolete, and masters are looking for new approaches - impressionism, cubism, avant-garde. This time is associated with such names as Kandinsky, Malevich, Chagall.

During Stalin's reign, the industrial landscape developed. Artists create posters calling for construction sites of the century, glorifying the beauty of factory chimneys and power line supports.

During the thaw, impressionism comes back into fashion. Soviet authors are given the opportunity to express their thoughts more freely through works of art. But in order to receive awards and organize personal exhibitions, painters have to paint on Soviet themes. Many flock to the north to work in their favorite genre without coming into conflict with the Soviet regime.

At the same time, artists from the Union republics became popular, glorifying the national flavor. A folk landscape in the original Russian popular print style is also developing, which can be seen in Tatiana Yablonskaya’s painting “Summer”.

Cold bath in Tsarskoe Selo

Peter Neelov. Plan of the second floor of the Cold Baths and adjacent parts of the complex. 1797. Image: a-park.rf

Cameron Gallery. Tsarskoe Selo, St. Petersburg. Architect Charles Cameron. 1779–1787. Photo: spbhi.ru

Part of the platform and descent near the agate rooms. Tsarskoe Selo, St. Petersburg. Architect Charles Cameron. 1779–1787. Photo: Nikolay Matveev / citywalls.ru

It was built for Catherine II by the Scottish architect Charles Cameron, author of the book “The Baths of the Romans.” The Empress wanted to have in her residence “a project of an antique house, laid out as in antiquity” and invited the “great draftsman” Cameron to Russia. Thus, in Tsarskoe Selo, by 1794, an ensemble in the spirit of classicism had grown up: through the Hanging Garden, Catherine II walked directly from her chambers to the Cold Bath, walked along the colonnade of the Cameron Gallery, and went down the Ramp to the park.

The baths were created in the image of Roman baths of the 4th century. On the lower floor Cameron placed the Bathing Hall with a tin pool. Also downstairs there was a Russian bathhouse (steam in it was produced by 250 cannonballs, which were poured with water), a bathroom, and a massage room in the corner. The recreation room was decorated with an “antique bed” and a white marble fireplace.

On the top floor there were offices, a library, and a Great Hall. The Empress ordered them to be decorated with minerals - the entire decoration took 25 tons of marble and multi-colored jasper.

Catherine II was critical of the completed project. She wrote to her secretary Alexander Khrapovitsky: “It’s strange that the entire building for the bathhouse was built, but the bathhouse turned out to be thin, you can’t wash in it.” The Empress bathed more often in the Upper and Lower Baths near the Square Ponds.

During the Great Patriotic War, the Germans built a casino and an officers' club in the building and tore out the jasper from the walls. The cold bath was restored in 1947–1948, and the jasper decoration was completely returned in 2013. Today you can go there with a ticket from the Tsarskoye Selo State Museum-Reserve.

The history of the Russian bath in the paintings of Russian artists. PHOTO