Lyko

A washcloth is one of the main attributes of facial and body hygiene. Such a familiar and easy-to-use item performs several tasks at once. A properly selected washcloth will become a massager, replace a scrub, and get rid of ingrown hairs and cellulite. Over the past couple of years, the demand for natural washcloths has increased significantly. People increasingly prefer products made from natural materials, especially when it comes to hygiene and body care. There is plenty to choose from: today there are more than ten types of so-called eco-scrubbers. I use these myself and today I’ll tell you about them in more detail.

What do dictionaries say?

In reference books, this word is interpreted as the young bast of some trees, which is divided into strips and thin fibers. Dahl's dictionary adds a definition: bast is a fragile subcortex. The tree tissue located directly under the bark is called bast. Behind it is young wood. The Brockhaus and Efron dictionary explains how bast was extracted: they cut down a young tree, cut off its branches and cut off the bark along the trunk. This activity is called “pulling the bast.” The best bast comes from linden. The proverb “ripped off like a stick” just speaks about this type of fishing.

Dictionaries unanimously state that “lyko” is a word used only in the singular. That is, you cannot say: “I kicked a lot.” It would be correct: “I kicked a lot.”

Bast is pulled from willow, elm, and oak. The Scientific and Technical Encyclopedic Dictionary says that this is done in the spring. Trees are selected no older than ten years. Remove the bark of approximately three arshins in length. This is about two and a bit meters. Afterwards, the top crust is removed, the bast is soaked, dried and put into use.

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Many folk dolls are made from moss.

They say that large paint brushes made from bast are sometimes sold in construction stores, but I have never seen them. Make the sponge yourself - it’s a pity for the linden tree only if you’re lucky enough to find the fallen one, but so far you haven’t come across it. Bast is not only for dolls

good, it’s also
a real washcloth
, for baths and more.
Bast washcloths are made from the inner layer of linden bark, split and specially processed. After steaming, linden bast becomes soft and helps to perfectly cleanse the skin, this is explained by the fact that the entire surface of the bast is covered with tiny fibers. The thickness of the villi is comparable to the size of human pores, therefore, when we wash ourselves with bast washcloth, it not only scrubs and massages, but also cleanses the pores. In addition, during washing, fibers release phytoncides, which, as you know, are the best weapon against microbes. Such a washcloth will ensure cleanliness, will not harm the skin, and will also help protect against colds. A bast
is a mandatory attribute of a Russian bath.
Removes static electricity, improves skin regeneration. When using the washcloth, you first need to steam it with boiling water for 10 minutes, then pour it over with cold water and soap it. The tradition of making bast bast came to us from time immemorial. Bast sponge was used not only for washing, it has always served as an excellent addition to a bath broom as a tool for massage. Once upon a time the linden tree covered almost all of Rus'. Bast fibers from linden bark were used to make bast shoes, feet, shoe covers, boots and sandals . One shoe was worn during long journeys, another during commercial hunting and fishing, and the third was simply used as house shoes, similar to modern slippers. For Russian people, wicker bast shoes were as traditional as wooden shoes for the peasants of Western Europe. Bast for weaving shoes
was removed from trees no older than ten years old. After making longitudinal cuts on the trunk with a knife, the harvesters removed four narrow strips from each tree. After removing the top crust, the bast ribbons were soaked and weaving began. Linden wood has a unique smell, this smell is persistent and lasts for many years. It smells nice of loofah and maybe a little linden blossom. Everyone knows the little rhyme about the “white hare” who picked a bast in the forest and put it under a log. In fact, the hare does not prepare bast, but simply feasts on the sweet and juicy bark. But squirrels, crows and rooks actually harvest bast. They pluck it from dried branches without causing any harm to the tree. The dry crust covering the bast fibers crumbles, but the flexible soft fibers remain. This is what squirrels and birds line their nests with. Durable bast fibers of old and young linden trees have found a wide variety of uses in human economic activities. For basting, the bark was removed from large trees. Longitudinal cuts were made on the trunk on both sides. Then, using a wooden wedge, two half-cylinder grooves were separated from the trunk. The bark removed in this way was called bast. Dried bast was used as roofing material for outbuildings, and simple utensils for dry food were made from it. But the main part of the bast was used for the production of bast, the use of which was very diverse.

To obtain bast, bast was soaked in mochila - ditches dug in the forest near a stream or lake. Bast harvested in spring or early summer was loaded into soaking ditches. Well-soaked bast was hung out to dry, and in winter it was brought to the village and put into use. Soaked bast fibers tied into a bundle instantly turned into a bath sponge, which is familiar to modern people

.
brushes
from bast for whitewashing stoves, made
brushes and brushes
for washing dishes, wove quite
strong ropes and even threads
for fishing nets.
Archaeological excavations confirm that fishing nets were woven from bast
back in the Neolithic era.
The strength of ropes made from moss can be judged by the fact that they were used to make harnesses and fetters for horses. On simple wooden looms, village craftsmen wove matting
, from which they sewed coolies, capes for horses and much more.
The ancient Germans wove clothes from bast
- mainly cloaks and belts.
In Russia in the last century, Ryazan lamplighters made raincoats from bast bags
.
One corner of the sack-bag was inserted into the other - and the cloak was ready. In the old days, sponge was widely used by carpenters as padding material for upholstered furniture
.
The mop was also used for polishing wooden furniture
.
Moreover, it was used so widely that the polishing process itself began to be called basting. Oil, caviar and grape juice are well preserved in linden containers
. In the Caucasus, huge vats for squeezing grape juice and churns were made from linden trees. In modern cooperage, linden staves are used to make dishes intended for storing and transporting granular caviar.

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A bast hangs on a stake

The saying about the mop has real roots. Having removed the young bast (which means bast) from the tree, it was placed in ditches filled with water for soaking - mochila. They were placed near forest streams and rivers. By autumn, it was hung out to dry, and then carried through the snow on a sleigh to the village. When thoroughly soaked bast was tied into bundles, it disintegrated into many fibers.

Sometimes this happened while it was drying out. Such fibers can be seen at the market or agricultural fair. In Rus' they are called “mochalo”. This is where the word “wetten” comes from, that is, cut into small fibers so that the previous shape is lost.

There is no Russian bath without a sponge and a broom. This eco-friendly material was used for massage, and our ancestors did not know the disease. The tradition of washing with a washcloth is very ancient. Brushes and brushes were made from bast bundles, they were used to whitewash stoves and fences, clean kitchen utensils, twist ropes, and make coarse threads that were used to sew together nets for fishing.

Dolls were knitted from bast, and not only for children's games. In the peasant hut there were many amulets: a large doll, lovebird dolls, a swaddling doll, a kuvadka, a small egg. There was a doll for every event in family life.

Not only fishing nets were woven from bast, but also horse harness, matting, and in Germany even raincoats. In the old days, upholstered furniture was stuffed with bast. Instead of refrigerators, they used linden containers. Tueski wove according to the example of bast shoes. They are good for storing butter and caviar.

Bast bast

Water-resistant washbrush.

Many folk dolls are made from moss. They say that large paint brushes made from bast are sometimes sold in construction stores, but I have never seen them. Make the sponge yourself - it’s a pity for the linden tree only if you’re lucky enough to find the fallen one, but so far you haven’t come across it.

Bast can be bought in brushes - it can be used not only as a brush, but also for crafts; bast in brushes is of excellent quality.

Bast is not only good for dolls, it is also a real washcloth, for baths and more, it is also perfect for an ordinary city bath.

This is a bast washcloth. Size: 40x16x15 cm.

When unfolded, it is a long bast, suitable for creating dolls.

And this is a bast washcloth with handles, natural material - the processed inner layer of linden bark.

When steamed, linden bast becomes soft and silky, just like the skin after peeling with a bast washcloth. When using a washcloth, bast fibers release phytoncides

- the best remedy for the prevention of colds.

Bast washcloths are made from the inner layer of linden bark, split and specially processed. After steaming, linden bast becomes soft and helps to perfectly cleanse the skin, this is explained by the fact that the entire surface of the bast is covered with tiny fibers. Among body washcloths, there is another wonderful natural material - sisal, as well as ramie, they are also suitable for creating crafts, like loofahs.

The thickness of the villi is comparable to the size of human pores, therefore, when we wash ourselves with bast washcloth, it not only scrubs and massages, but also cleanses the pores. In addition, during washing, fibers release phytoncides, which, as you know, are the best weapon against microbes. Such a washcloth will ensure cleanliness, will not harm the skin, and will also help protect against colds.

A bast is a mandatory attribute of a Russian bath. Removes static electricity, improves skin regeneration. When using the washcloth, you first need to steam it with boiling water for 10 minutes, then pour it over with cold water and soap it.

The tradition of making bast bast came to us from time immemorial. Bast sponge was used not only for washing, it has always served as an excellent addition to a bath broom as a tool for massage.

Once upon a time the linden tree covered almost all of Rus'. Bast fibers from linden bark were used to make bast shoes, feet, shoe covers, boots and sandals. One shoe was worn during long journeys, another during commercial hunting and fishing, and the third was simply used as house shoes, similar to modern slippers. For Russian people, wicker bast shoes were as traditional as wooden shoes for the peasants of Western Europe.

Bast for weaving shoes was removed from trees no older than ten years old. After making longitudinal cuts on the trunk with a knife, the harvesters removed four narrow strips from each tree. After removing the top crust, the bast ribbons were soaked and weaving began.

Linden wood has a unique smell, this smell is persistent and lasts for many years.

It smells nice of loofah and maybe a little linden blossom.

Everyone knows the little rhyme about the “white hare” who picked a bast in the forest and put it under a log. In fact, the hare does not prepare bast, but simply feasts on the sweet and juicy bark.

But squirrels, crows and rooks actually harvest bast. They pluck it from dried branches without causing any harm to the tree. The dry crust covering the bast fibers crumbles, but the flexible soft fibers remain. This is what squirrels and birds line their nests with.

Durable bast fibers of old and young linden trees have found a wide variety of uses in human economic activities. For basting, the bark was removed from large trees. Longitudinal cuts were made on the trunk on both sides. Then, using a wooden wedge, two half-cylinder grooves were separated from the trunk. The bark removed in this way was called bast. Dried bast was used as roofing material for outbuildings, and simple utensils for dry food were made from it. But the main part of the bast was used for the production of bast, the use of which was very diverse. To obtain bast, bast was soaked in mochila - ditches dug in the forest near a stream or lake. Bast harvested in spring or early summer was loaded into soaking ditches. Well-soaked bast was hung out to dry, and in winter it was brought to the village and put into use.

Soaked bast fibers tied into a bundle instantly turned into a bath sponge, which is well known to modern people.

They knitted brushes from bast for whitewashing stoves, made brushes and brushes for washing dishes, wove quite strong ropes and even threads for fishing nets. Archaeological excavations confirm that fishing nets were woven from bast back in the Neolithic era. The strength of ropes made from moss can be judged by the fact that they were used to make harnesses and fetters for horses. On simple wooden looms, village craftsmen wove matting, from which they made coolies, capes for horses, and much more. The ancient Germans wove clothes from bast - mainly cloaks and belts. In Russia in the last century, Ryazan lamplighters made raincoats from bast bags. One corner of the sack-bag was inserted into the other - and the cloak was ready. In the old days, sponge was widely used by carpenters as padding material for upholstered furniture.

The mop was also used for polishing wooden furniture. Moreover, it was used so widely that the polishing process itself began to be called basting.

Oil, caviar and grape juice are well preserved in linden containers. In the Caucasus, huge vats for squeezing grape juice and churns were made from linden trees. In modern cooperage, linden staves are used to make dishes intended for storing and transporting granular caviar.

Lapti

Perhaps the meaning of the word “bast” is easiest to explain using the example of bast shoes. Everyone knows what bast shoes are. These simple shoes served people not only in Rus', but also in Finland. If in Europe they preferred wooden shoes - clogs, then our ancestors liked light bast shoes.

A pair of such shoes for an adult requires three linden trees. A man engaged in peasant labor wears them out in a week. Therefore, everyone knew how to weave bast shoes. It was a common, uncomplicated matter. A block was used for weaving.

Almost all people in Rus' wore bast shoes, so the country was called “bast shoe Russia.” Bone kochedyki (devices for weaving bast shoes) are found by archaeologists during excavations of the Stone Age era. In the Tale of Bygone Years we find the word “lapotnik”. There were artels that went into the forest to tear the bast with a pyrk - a wooden tool that left a bare trunk. The cart yielded three hundred pairs of bast shoes. Peter the Great himself learned to weave bast shoes.

What is the meaning of the word “bast” in sayings?

Many proverbs and sayings with the word “bast” have reached us. Only some of them relate directly to bast products and the process of their manufacture. The rest are used by folk wisdom as illustrative examples for analogy, comparison or hyperbole. Let's look at some:

The bast does not knit - this is what they say now about a person who is incapable of basic independent actions, or about a lazy person who avoids work. Why bast? What it is? Allegory? No. Knitting bast (tying into bundles) is a simple operation that even a child can do. They tied bast for weaving ropes, making brushes, washcloths, and preparing bundles for future work.
Don't be fooled - now the proverb means a person who cannot be deceived. He is not simple, he has knowledge and experience. Previously, a completely bankrupt peasant could wear clothes sewn with coarse bast fibers, which were only suitable for mending fishing nets. The belt could also be twisted from bast. But if he had friends or relatives, this could not last long. In the end, the man with his hands and head on his shoulders acquired new property. Those who did not want to work, drank away the clothes given out of mercy, and did not enjoy respect in society. They said about such people: they are sewn with bast, they are girded with bast.
Not every bast in line is a saying of the Lapotniks. When weaving bast shoes, lines were distinguished, that is, rows. They were selected based on color and quality. Some were no good. This is what they said about those who are not suitable for some task, who stand out from the general mass due to some kind of shortcoming.

A natural weaving material obtained from the bast of certain trees, mainly linden.

Bast is the bast of young linden and other deciduous trees. Young tree trunks (up to 10 years old) are used to harvest bast. This is mainly linden, but there may also be willow, elm and others. To make bast shoes, 3-4 linden trees are required.

Lyko in the craft

According to numerous studies, bast has long been used as a durable and inexpensive material for weaving. First of all, shoes were made from it. Mostly these were bast shoes.

Also, mats were woven from bast. Ropes made from this material were used in fishing and hunting, as well as on the farm. These ropes are quite resistant to abrasion and water.

Bath sponges made from bast are still popular. The fibers are stitched and made into bath slippers, hats and other accessories.

Of course, people used bast to make toys for the amusement of children. They knitted dolls and added wooden toys to them, making manes and tails for horses or braids for dolls.

Bast prepared for further use

Until the 15th century, the equipment of Russian troops included chain mail made of oak bast and bast shields. From the same material in Russia “they wove baskets, boxes, coolies, tues and even chairs and tables.”

Story

The first mentions of bast in Russian sources date back to the 12th-13th centuries. In particular, the chronicle from 1205 names bast as one of the tribute items:

“The Russian princes fought with Lithuania and Yatvingia, and having defeated them, imposed tribute on them, bast and scabbards and brooms to the bathhouse.”
- A. Kurbatov. Rus' is not bast (Rodina magazine, No. 6, 2001).

Woven bast shoes have long been known among the Eastern and Western Slavs, among the Baltic peoples, among the Finno-Ugric peoples and in the coastal regions of Sweden.

However, bast was most often used in the production of bast shoes. Back in the 18th century, this type of footwear was popular not only among peasants, but also among townspeople. Until the second half of the next century, bast bast shoes remained the main footwear in villages and hamlets of the black earth provinces.

“Moscow” bast shoes, made of bast

Extraction and processing

Tambov peasants harvested bast in the spring: at this time, “young trees called lutoshki were cut down in the forest. Having cut off the branches of the felled tree, they began to tear off the bast, which looked like stripes...”

In the North of Russia, it was customary to harvest raw materials for weaving “from the Annunciation to Trinity, since at this time the bark is still soft.” The inner part of the bark removed from the linden tree was subjected to special processing. For example, among the Mordovians, bast was soaked in water to give the material the necessary flexibility.

In Northern and Central Russia, bast craftsmen had certain “standards” related to learning the craft, the beginning and completion of work, and the timing of bast harvesting.

One of the Vladimir peasants described the process of transferring skills from generation to generation:

“My father taught my brother from the age of six... First, go for the bast, then soak it, and then weave.”

One of the researchers describes the properties of bast and the technique of weaving bast shoes among the Mordovians:

The bast, soaked in water, did not break and could bend in any direction. Therefore, for the manufacture of shoes, the most acceptable technique of oblique weaving was invented, which gave greater density and a clear design of the outlines of various products. Using a kochedyk, several layers of bast were added to the sole, which increased the strength and extended the wear life of the bast shoes.
— T. A. Kozlova. Coverage of trade and craft activities in the oral and poetic creativity of the Mordovian people... - P. 334

Not only shoes, but also other household items were made from bast. Thus, in the life of the Mordovians, one of the main elements of utensils was a “purse woven from bast.”

Bask conik

The latter looked like a quadrangular box made up of two halves. Such a wallet was created through “oblique weaving”, using corners and edges. On opposite sides of both parts of the “box” “four bast loops” were attached, into which a strap or twine was threaded.

"All of Russia and the Red Army..."

Entire settlements and even regions were engaged in the production of shoes from bast. Among them:

the village of Smirnovo in the Nizhny Novgorod province, where the famous “Smirnov bast shoes” were made
Semenovskoye village (near Kineshma)
village of Myt, Shuisky district (Vladimir province)
Tambov craftsmen supplied bast shoes “to all of Russia, including the Red Army...”.

Folklore

There are many proverbs associated with bast; it is mentioned more than once in fairy tales and songs.

In the Russian language, many proverbs and sayings are associated with weaving from bast: “You don’t sew with bast”, “You don’t knit with bast”, etc. The expression “Not every bast is in a line” comes from the Lapotniks: a real master knew “which bast in which line, then there is a row to weave in.”

The beard is like a broom, but not a bad one.
The beard is big, but he has no brains.
Even if he sews with bast, he washes with soap.
And lychny, but not superfluous.
And the husband sews with his bast.
It is tangled from a strip and stuffed with a strap.
No matter how bad it is, it’s a neighbor.
You take it with the strap, you give it back with the strap.
If you spare a strap, you won’t get stuck with a strap.

Article prepared based on materials: Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, 1-5 photos: Guide to Russian Crafts, CC BY-SA 3.0

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Bask clothing

The Romans, traveling through the territory of modern Germany, were surprised to find people dressed in bast cloaks. “What is this?” they wondered. The people who inhabited the German lands seemed wild in their eyes. But in vain. Well-woven bast clothing protects against insect bites. You can collect honey from wild bees in it. It is neither cold nor hot. She doesn't get wet from the rain.

Even to this day, some Indian tribes use the ancient skill of making clothing from bast. The photo shows a specially made suit and a neat suitcase. Everything is made from bast using the weaving method of bast shoes.